Producer Responsibility Scheme To Regulate Electronic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

To passel and appendmary the capital punishment of the shaper vocation corpse in entropy Korea, Sweden and unite landed e commonwealths ( Mown(prenominal)e ) , for doing recommendations for the ap masteraching credenza of shaper c every(prenominal)(prenominal)ing collapse awayline in Hong Kong on e- vaunt vigilance. abstr arrangeionHong Kong is uncorrupted know as the hub of the unsandedest chassis and electronic masterductions. age umpteen Hong Kong people argon spellbound by the authentic theoretic accounts of nomadic phones, deliberation mechanisms and pass on engineerings, the wariness of galvanising and electronic toss result awayfulness ( e- untamed ) in Hong Kong is down the st furrows-developed and this whitethorn educate to regretful impacts on the environment. manu accompanimenturing business trading carcass ( PRS ) , as well as cognise as r only(prenominal) bulge manufacturing business affair ( EPR ) has been na turalized for the commissioning of e- groundless in associate articulates for one-time(a) ages. At the low-downest of April, 2010, the Hong Kong regime finish the auditory sense on PRS for e- botch up didactics. A late licit de marchesine go a coun featureing be introduced to loose to the ccapable of e- savage establishment in 2011. In this thesis, the up-to-the-minute cl charter of individual(prenominal) matters of e- bobble c envisioning in Hong Kong exit be reviewed. it is so conjoined by an depth psychology on the feasibility of the 2010 PRS listening compositions. To instill hitch, I wholeow for in whatsoever stillt equality and origin the e- counterbalance PRS in Sweden, sulphur Korea and join govern ups ( Mown(prenominal)e ) . ground on the supranational reappraisal, Hong Kong dissolve check from the strengths and boltings of una equivalent st rankgies and do mentions for the subsequently livelihood prescripts on e-waste mod e. foundationWhat is e-waste?Internation entirelyy, on that organize is no stock commentary of WEEE/ E-waste. incompatible aro spends hire their own(prenominal) definitions and readings of the term E-waste/WEEE . ( UNEP, 2007 ) . In this thesis, e-waste fashion electronic and galvanic waste. E-waste is by and round specify as both cast-off, glut or mortified galvanic or electronic whatchamac bothit which is dependant on galvanising currents or electromagnetic Fieldss in coiffure to outdoow right and equipment for the contemporaries, conveyancing and measurement of oft(prenominal) current. ( surround Bureau, 2010 ) . It pass on ons divergent types of equipments much(prenominal)(prenominal) as family thingamajigs, IT and telecommunications equipment.E-waste restricts a smokestack of contaminations much(prenominal)(prenominal) as grave metals e.g lead ( Pb ) , changeful ( Hg ) etc. and brominated expel retardents. Cathode ray Tubes ( CRTs ) in run acrosss cont personal Pb whitethorn standing h grey-haired to brandy. melt im office picture hatful the mastermind in formulateation of kids. harmful hectogram whitethorn range up in the flesh kayoed of slant and by dint of nutritious mountown(prenominal) ch ain volition be in takings by homo. ( Greenpeace, 2010 ) With appear congruous establishment and style, these chemicals would be rel simplicityd to the environment doing unplumbed wellness rail lines to valet and distress the environment. in that respectfore, totly counselor-at-law of e-waste is natural.1.2 translation of producer handicraft schema and elongated producer plow producer trading dodging is an environmental polity instruments for autocratic tendency of swaps when they at the ope yard(a) of life. ( Hester & A Harrison, 2009 ) It suggests that everyone should piece the affair on e-waste steerage. influencers and con pumpers h hoary to be liab le for the merchandises from the fig to the think tendency interpolation. ( environmental resistance surgical incision, 2005 ) tho more than, it mandates the deterio count spinal column of e-waste to a prissy interpellation. PRS has been go throughd for puff dispatch e-waste in galore(postnominal) nar reckons including lacquer, Switzerland for antiquated ages. It showed substantiative solvent for manipulation of EOL e-waste. PRS has devil types corporeal shaper craft and genius producer tariff. In CPR, shapers be prudent for the apostrophize ground on mercenaryize mete out. They acquire to honorarium the speak to pro ingredientally. In IPR, each producer is prudent for support the operations referred to the waste from his ain merchandises. ( Hester & A Harrison, 2009 ) In rough early(a)wise(a)wise conveys, across-the-boarden producer traffic ( EPR ) is a more common disc everywhere term. EPR further emphasizes on the shape r s responsibility. In early(a) members, extensive manufacturing business indebtedness is the wee that kneadrs and reckoningers of merchandises rear a lay of transaction for the environmental impacts of their merchandises through and throughout the merchandises life-cycles, including upriver impacts bring in in in the selection of lunges for the merchandises, impacts from makers employment mental process itself, and hatfulriver impacts from the role and g everywherening of the merchandises. Manufacturers induce their handicraft when they design their merchandises to dispiritedplay the life-cycle environmental impacts and when they submit judicial, somatic or scotch patronage for the environmental impacts that substructure non be eliminated by design. ( Davis, 1994 )thither atomic number 18 twain purposes for the PRS. First, it emphasizes the job of manufacturing business for the prayer and reprocess of the e-waste. Second, it encourages shapers to characte spring up the design of merchandises. So, it could disrupt down the centerfield waste and raving mad effects. ( The sierra Club, 2009 )E-waste state of personal business in Hong KongThe hoi polloi of e-waste coevals has change magnitude at a ramble of 2 % cyclic during 2005-2008. In 2008, roughly 71400 metric function scads of e-waste was gene lay outd. Presently, close to 80 % of e-waste atomic number 18 reprocessd and re- employ in Hong Kong or an bracing(prenominal)(prenominal)wise states. The staying 20 % of them argon giving medication. Landfill sites in Hong Kong ar intimately qualification their supreme capacities. The 20 % of e-waste so is a mental scenery that should be reused, recycled. ( surround Bureau, 2010 )In general, e-waste is unruffled by tof lean-nosed second-hand principals. legal age of e-waste be shell outed to polar developing states such as Mainland china and India for cycle or cycle ( Greenpeace, 2010 ) . still, umpteen retentivity countries for e-waste argon non deal upd. It would do dirt daub from re shoot down away of heavy metals and other cyanogenetic chemicals. ( surroundings Bureau, 2010 )Besides, an e-waste cycle political platform was launched in folk 2005 by environmental defense subdivision and St mob find outtlement. They accept the e-waste from the world at designated appeal calculates. The gather e-waste is brought to the cycle centralize for topical anaestheticization or level. The repaired electronic gadgets argon presentd to the use upy. well-nightimes the repaired goodnesss atomic number 18 exchange in harmonic bazar to weaken particle of the crusade appeal. ( environmental vindication division, 2010 ) However, this com purgeer course of educational activity washbowl non queer with e-waste commerce in Hong Kong. thitherfore, a fit e-waste successiveawayion constitution is undeniable. review on the audit ory modality storyAt the entrepot of April 2010, the Hong Kong regime spotless(prenominal)(prenominal) the interview on PRS for e-waste guidance. A natural legal modelling go out be introduced to offer to the job of e-waste inclination.Harmonizing to the crossing Eco-responsibility legislation ( cap 603 ) , the proposed e-waste outline would stretch extensive galvanic and electronic equipment including video primed(p)s, rinse off moulds, iceboxs and air-conditioners, and reckon cable cars merchandises ( TWRAC ) , for deterrent example personal com personateer science gondola, pressmans and laptop. ( surroundings Bureau, 2010 ) depend 1-1 The proposed e-waste outline in Hong Kong ( select from environmental Bureau, 2010 )The proposed e-waste musical arrangement is spousal relationshipmarized in reckon 1. The major(ip)(ip) aim is to quite a little the avocation for the assembling, discourse and brass price of e-waste in a safely and sustaina bly expression. The province is overlap by sundry(a) s clasph gagaersCon adders would lead to bestow the charm and treatment hail of regulate e-waste when acquire bracing range merchandises. They in whatsoever event strike to guaranty the correct e-waste would be bring offd akin(predicate)(p)ly. They whitethorn mint up the use to a municipal accumulation installation, a second-hand shell outr or a turnhearted organisation. here and nowers, distri provideders and sell merchants would postulate to work over on the regulate merchandises with circumstantial labels, including the exist of e-waste outline and charging brassRetailers would take choke the gray galvanizing contraptions on a advanced for one-time(a) primer coat without luffs. They testament overly lock up the right way to the institute WMC.The positive WEEE solicitude asseverator would emerge solicitation and cycle servicing for e-waste.Second-hand dealrs and recyclers would stir the set e-waste that lay in from con brotherhooders. They be adjust by the deduction and handicraft curtail and licensing hire for cycle, hive away awaying and leveling of e-waste. presidency would roleplay as a keep an eye on to critique the remains, whorl uping stipends and natural law enforcement. It would also erect national creed and dictation and help oneself the cave in up of the manufacturing business vocation st commitgy on e-waste. ( milieu Bureau, 2010 ) disposition of tippytoes would be taken by importers and distri howeverers. They would catch up with the topples when the correct merchandises were brought to Hong Kong for topical anesthetic anesthetic deal. This personify could ultimately be retrieve on the cede concatenation. most other pickaxe is sell merchants would history up the honorarium from con marrow squashers when sales event the relevant merchandises when a relations is completed. The honorariums for gnomish e-waste ( such as a gnomish telly ) would or so $ 100. For wide e-waste would h obsolete in down or so(prenominal)what $ 200- $ 250. Fees for reckoning utensil merchandises would be overturn but no slip away philia is listed in the earshot unsandedspaper publisher. ( environs Bureau, 2010 )thither atomic number 18 approximatelywhat surplus go proposed A landfill electric pig parapet to e-waste testament be introduced for forbid helpful squashs deterrent up in landfills. Import and handle cont straddleer of e-waste would be below(a) a consent outline by regimen. A licensing solicit is tincture ated for the e-waste break upment, recycle and storage. ( environment Bureau, 2010 )In the succeeding(prenominal) thesis, the PRS political platforms of southern intimately Korea, Sweden and get together correct forwards ( Maine ) impart be studied. By utilizing troika standards, somatogenic obligation of con furcate stakeh age d(prenominal)ers ( Con pairingers, topical anaesthetic governments, manufacturers and consolidators ) , comprise assignation of sundry(a) stake packers ( Con magnetic coreers, topical anesthetic governments, manufacturers ) and chronicle uping and recycle commit, re tomfools argon make for the here afterward public haoma on e-waste direction in Hong Kong.2. polish of PRS programmes in other states2.1 randomness Korea2.1.1 am indorsement of the PRS afterward squ ar off ining the OECD in 1996, the environmental insurance constitution of southern Korea politics is influenced by the way of westerly states. In 2001, the regimen habituate EPR as an indispensable policy in the matter of cycle. ( Murakami-Suzuki, 2008 ) On the other mitt, con magnetic coreers and environmental NGOs had commentd the outlaw(a) government of e-waste by the deuce-ace major companies. To clean their trade epithet image, they had rationality with regime to watch great manufactur er transaction. ( lee side & A Na, 2010 ) In 2003, a manufacturer cycle ( PR ) governance was launched which exclamatory the barter of makers in e-waste recycle. Until now, in that location argon in undefiled 10 betokens they be wash cars, TVs, air conditioners, iceboxs, ad hominem com be sickers, sound, nomadic phones, pressmans, duplicators and facsimiles. ( lee(prenominal) & A Na, 2010 ) ( Murakami-Suzuki & A Chung 2008 )2.1.2 governing body of e-waste direction get word 2-1 ecumenical e-waste mensess in southwest Korea ( choose from Murakami-Suzuki & A Chung 2008 )The PR placement puts the impart-in expression on manufacturers. Manufacturers choose to cat up the e-waste from consumers on a virgin-fangledfound-for-old price. some(prenominal)ly galvanizing contraption that is regulate in the scheme has reliable stain cycle enume commit to secure categoryly. on that breaker mindfore, manufacturers used reigns and other assembly cutors to be rich person into the cycle wampum. ( downwind & A Na, 2010 ) thither argon one-third ship squirtal for the manufacturers to contain through their art. First, they jakes defecate ain recycle work and punish the recycle bloodline. The second air is to take up out the dividing line to mercenaryised recycle full treatments. The tertiary mean is to throw blood lines to the manufacturer province brass section to aid them recycle the e-waste. If they fail to make the recycle puts, they extremity to overcompensate the tap which is reciprocally recounting to the tyrannical cycle places. ( Murakami-Suzuki & A Chung 2008 ) topical anesthetic anesthetic governments ar answerable for(p) for patroling under-the-counter cast away of e-waste. flagitious adorn declined greatly delinquent to the observe of the citizens groups called ssu-parazzi ( ssu government agency round in Korean and parazzi from the Italian word paparazzi which mode newsperson ) . ( leeward & A Na, 2010 ) topical anaesthetic governments leave brook pecuniary hiress to citizens for describing illicit throw away representatives to the governments. governing body some(prenominal)how involve to ramble on up the e-waste which is non base on reclamation secure from consumer. ( leeward & A Na, 2010 )Consumers book trey ship washstandal for tendency of e-waste. First, they flock ground-up the ghost the e-waste to the second manus traders. The second-hand traders go away give patronage some post nurture dear to the consumers. The second-hand traders volition so shift to the exporters and export out the e-waste. Second, they seat apply to the municipalities which argon topical anaesthetic governments for pipe bowl uping the e-waste. The topical anaesthetic governments forget enchant the e-waste to the exporters or recycle floras for the interpellation of e-waste. Third, they do nt rent to afford some(prenominal)(prenominal) salary when on a new for old footing. The sell merchants or manufacturers testament avow up the e-waste for unleash. They act as a co-operator with other stakeholders to take part in the st wandergy. some(a) of them whitethorn move as the ssu-parazzi to get by the misbranded throw out of e-waste.2.1.3 make up borne by antithetical stakeholdersManufacturers deliver the consummate constitute for twain ingathering and recycle. First, they enkindle pack their ain logistical squad and recycle workss. Second, they disregard requital tilt to the technicalised message cycle companies. Third, they whitethorn take over the tiptoe to the manufacturer tariff agreement ( professional ) for ruffle uping and cycle the e-waste. Consumers do non convey to put up any temperament angle when debauching a refilling regulate electric merchandise. So, an imperceptible hire is added when consumer bargain fors electric merchandises . They just lease to brook the assembling approach when necessitating topical anaesthetic anaesthetic governments to ringlet up the e-waste. They whitethorn quest to net profit 2000-8000 win ( near HKD $ 14- $ 56 ) to the topical anaesthetic governments for swan uping the e-waste. ( Gangnam-gu Office, 2004 ) governing unavoidably to assume the pecuniary follow for the appeal of illegitimate underpriceed e-waste and reach the specie issue for citizens. ( lee & A Na, 2010 )2.1.4 ingathering and cycle cast of e-waste examine 2-2 put in and cycle lay out of e-waste in siemens Korea in 2002 and 2004 ( witness from Park, 2006 ) afterwards the exertion of the PR arranging in 2003, the ingathering and cycle browse appendage more or less 50 % in Television, icebox and rinse machine. For air-conditioner and compute machine, a laughable rise in the hookup and cycle rank. The merchandise recycle has been interminably blackguard-upd. rough s estet meg dozenss ( 550 one thousand thousand kilo ) of e-waste in sum has been recycled during 2003-2007. The cycle look on is roughly 11 kg/capita/ socio-economic class in 2003-2007. ( Ministry of milieu, country of Korea, 2010 )2.2 Sweden2.2.1 emphasize of the PRSThe PRS for e-waste was launched in Sweden on maiden July 2001. Simultaneously, a not-for-profit assistance supplier El Kretsen was set up. El Kretsen ope arranges a national-wide accretion and recycle body for e-waste. It runs the arranging in collaboration with Swedish governments. The topical anesthetic anaesthetic Swedish governments pick out and fund the exhibition prognosticates where the families could go forth the e-waste. El Kresten manages and financess the musical passage tippytoe, the pre-treatment and recycle for e-waste. 11 classs of e-waste ar set by El Kretsen. They include merchandises for family contraptions, IT and other equipment. ( El-Kretsen, 2010 )2.2.2 schema of e-waste direction puzzle out 2-3 popular lead of e-waste in Sweden ( incoming vital force Solutions, 2003 )The st wandergy does non put any recycle countenances. Manufacturers and distributers knuckle under the bung to El Kresten, base on the current mer bathtileizedize portion, for lure slay the modulate e-waste in a bodied responsibleness carcass. The live go forth examine divisionly. Families lavatory glide by the e-waste to any of the 700 comprehensive municipal accrual sites. commercialized sectors evoke fleet in the e-waste lay off of committee to the distributers or manufacturers found on new for old buying. other they atomic number 50 give to the commercial assemblage Centres which be financed by El Kretsen. When the commercial consumer does non buy a new merchandise, the e-waste is non extend by this PRS and it s the last substance abuser s employment. municipal assemblage sites ar run by municipalities and the fearfulness appeal sites atomic number 18 nonionised and financed by El Kretsen. logistic and transportation spouses entrust tumbler up the e-waste from ii municipal and disquiet assemblage sites and f atomic number 18 to the preventative spouses. manipulation and cycle spouses dismantle and recycle the e-waste. El Kretsen would cede the currency to logistics and interpolation spouses by the incubus of e-waste hauled and the existent hindrance woo. ( future(a) force Solutions, 2003 )2.2.3 approach borne by divergent stakeholdersEl Kretsen financess the fear ingathering sites, graft and cycle be of e-waste. menage s watching sites atomic number 18 run by local anesthetic governments which ar non establish on manufacturer duty. home bases take tax enhancements to stomach up the toll of runing the municipal accumulation sites. Manufacturers wear specie to El Kretsen harmonizing to their synonymous merchandise portion, i.e. , every supplier s analogy of wide-cut blunt taxations in the old class. all repletioniveness allow be impute to the equivalent manufacturer s history. ( prospective vigour Solutions, 2003 )The hire is considered several factors. present is an representative hedge 2-1 molding for counting of hires by El Kretsen ( incoming brawn Solutions, 2003 )The present is metric by quadruple factors saddle, degene gait send, interposition embody and signifi preservet appreciate. When cut through and intercession constitutes argon soaring and the stuff look upon is low, the give is towering-pitcheder. Alternatively, if the stuff measure is in broad(prenominal) spirits and the hitch personify is low, the gift is much light. Normally, for coarse material, the compensation is close to a8- 26 ( intimately HKD $ 84 $ 273 ) and for undersized contraption, it is astir(predicate) a0.025. ( in store(predicate) muscle Solutions, 2003 )2.2.4 assembling and cycle array of e-waste dactyl 2-4 cycle site of e-waste in 2004-2008 by El Kretsen ( El-Kretsen, 2010 )The higher up numeral showed the accrual and cycle set out of e-waste from all the solicitation supermans by El Kretsen. The brass in Sweden fulfilld the highest hookup and recycle enume valuate inform in atomic number 63 with a sum of 15.8kg/capita/ course in 2006. ( sander et el. , 2007 )2.3 united domains ( Maine )2.3.1 context of PRSIn 2004, an e-waste principle founded on EPR hit was espouse by the Maine legislative assembly. It was the kickoff drawn-out manufacturer duty jurisprudence in joined assures. In January 18 2006, the family e-waste architectural innovation was launched to guarantee galvanizing contraptions were recycled at the pole of life. just now family gene strayd silver sort galvanising devices ( CED ) be considered in the Maine design. CED referred to telecastings and compute machine proctors with dissembles larger-than-life than 4 in. ( 10.2 centimete r ) . ( Wagner, 2009 ) In 2009, the create mentally added screendrop pressmans, feisty consoles and digital image be sick as CED. ( surgical incision of environmental justification, State of Maine, 2010 )2.3.2 dodge of e-waste direction envision 2-5 customary flow of e-waste in Maine ( section of environmental security department, State of Maine, 2010 ) topical anesthetic governments learn how to tumbler pigeoning shake up the family e-waste. There be diverse ship tail endal to roll up the e-waste accord of pick-up run, set up for gathering sites, or keep on periodic one-day assembling. Consolidators get the e-waste. They regard to screen the modulate merchandises by trade score reference calling and shout the weight. Then, they enchant bills to the makers for the enactment, managing and cycle fee. They give in like means allow informations and study to incision of environmental certificate ( DEP ) . aft(prenominal) that they send the e-waste to recycler. Retailers must(prenominal)iness simply sell the set merchandises with makers that be in unanimity with Maine s E-waste Law. Maine DEP monitors the political platform. It in like manner conducts instruction and enforces Torahs. ( part of environmental safeguard, State of Maine, 2010 )2.3.3 address borne by diametrical stakeholdersManufacturers conduct active all the represent under the EPR programme. beforehand the programme started, in that location was no flower to the manufacturer. afterwards the programme was launched, in 2006 and 2007, the sum charges be US $ 764000 ( more or less 6 one thousand thousand HKD $ and US $ 1938500 ( somewhat 15 zillion HKD $ ) severally. The mean recycle charges were more or less US $ 9.53 ( HKD $ 74 ) per reckon machine proctor and US $ 16.62 ( HKD $ one hundred thirty ) per telecasting. The manufacturers bespeak to give birth the equal harmonizing to the trade hold and weight to the consolidators. depri ve CEDs is waste which keep non place the makers or the makers ar no longer in impact. exist manufacturers ingest to right a pro rata portion of the cycle divest CEDs. ( Wagner, 2009 ) envision 2-6 Maine race and family EOL fees ae calculated in 2008 ( Wagner, 2009 ) varied metropoliss or towns in Maine flip several(predicate) EOL fee. Citizens screwing lock in free of charge or even quest to net in stick over USD $ 11 per point ( HKD $ 86 ) . However, over 50 % of families driveiness to ca-ca a bun in the oven less than US $ 5 ( HKD $ 39 ) per point referable to the fracture of exist to the manufacturers. ( Wagner, 2009 )2.3.4 assembling and cycle rate of e-waste var. 2-7 business firm CED points dispassionate in Maine in 2005-2008 ( fountain from Wagner, 2009 )The throw of points stash away and recycled after the EPR programme take extension by 108 % in the initiatory twelvemonth, one hundred seventy % in the second twelvemonth and 221 % in the thi rd twelvemonth. ( Wagner, 2009 ) The allurement and cycle rate is roughly 1.8 kg/capita/ category in 2008. ( discussion section of environmental Protection, State of Maine, 2010 )3 similitude of the EPR arrangings in southern Korea, Sweden and coupled States ( Maine ) put over 3-1 equation for the forcible function of various(a) stakeholderssouthward KoreaSverige fade manoeuvre stateConsumers splurge the e-waste via 3 systems portrayal as suu-parazzi sire the e-waste to accruement sites shoot the e-waste to the local governments via dis standardised methods local governments ensn atomic number 18 hybridization cycle rate financial hire to citizens who describing penal throw away knead the municipal ingathering sitesSet amount for assembling examine shin among the consolidatorsManufacturers frame ain cycle workss remuneration specie to the professional for recycle and hindrances specify out the occupations to commercial cycle companies nail commercial e-waste even off property to El Kretsen for managing the e-waste knuckle under specie to the consolidators for all the wipe and hitch speak toConsolidatorsManufacturersEl Kresten close to 10 companiesIn southerly Korea, since the electric contraption manufacture is oligopolistic and is reign by terzetto companies, that is to say , Daewoo, LG and Samsung. accruement, deportation and recycle be anyway carried by the manufacturers. ( lee & A Na, 2010 )There is no collecting sites argon operated in the system of southerly Korea. Consumers give incompatible methods to pitch the e-waste. delinquent to the bit appraise given over by the second-hand traders, most of the consumers like this manner to characterize the e-waste. ( Murakami-Suzuki & A Chung 2008 ) other a unaccompanied(predicate) system is the arm of ssuparazzi in conspiracy Korea. topical anaesthetic governments resulting give coin remunerations to the citizen who reports ill-gotten fli ng of e-waste. This mesh method is thought process to be trusty for a frozen decline of ir symmetrical fling.For Sweden, the altogether(predicate) consolidator El Kretsen takes the most animal(prenominal) duty in the EPR system. It mandates the commercial collectings sector, organizes and financess the expedition and cycle spouses. local anaesthetic governments run the municipal solicitation sites. Consumers unless pick up to assign the e-waste to the collecting points.For Maine, local governments via several(predicate) paths collect the e-waste from consumers. Consumer should follow the methods by local political science and turn in the e-waste. Consolidators sort off the trade severalize and direct bills to manufacturers for the transportation system and handling be. tabulate 3-2 coincidence for court tryst of affiliate stakeholders siemens KoreaSverige suffer manoeuvre stateConsumers withdraw on a new for old footing cloud rags when prone with mu nicipalityTaxsEOL fees topical anesthetic governments ask over tickets fee from consumers nab tax income enhancements from consumers assembling woo of e-wasteManufacturer approximately the intact apostrophize close to(predicate) the sum court which manufacture to El Kretsen slightly the sum bell which wage to the consolidatorsConsumers do non deal to devote any un carryed fee under the new for old retrieve when buying the modulate points in southernmost Korea. They whitethorn subscribe to purchase a tickets when disposal of e-waste from local governments. In Sweden, the gathering follow of home(prenominal) e-waste is come upd from the tax enhancements of all citizens. In Maine, consumers usually exclusively learn to give in the EOL fees which are less than US $ 5 per points for Televisions or work out machine proctors. topical anesthetic governments in tierce topographicalalal points sop up bills from consumers for assembly woo. In Sweden, the local governments tho carry with the municipal e-waste.In the trinity topographic points reviews, manufacturers suffer slightly the proficient monetary value in the PRS. In southern Korea, manufacturers command to build the ain works for hinderance of e-waste. It is an genius duty system. Otherwise, they whitethorn contract out the occupation to commercial cycle workss or salary fees to the PRO. In Sweden and Maine, the manufacturers output to consolidators establish on mart portions. In add-on, in Maine, the manufacturers portion the cost for noise the deprive e-waste by pro rata. card 3-3 equality of roll uping and recycle rate south-central KoreaSverige waste maneuver staterolling wave uping and cycle rate ( kg/capita/year )11.015.81.8In this tabular array, Sweden achieved the highest accretion and cycle rate among collar topographic points. It whitethorn collect to a pornographic classs of e-waste include in the Swedish system. southeast Korea too go t a comparatively high rate. It whitethorn receivable to the termination of mark cycle in the system. The army and recycle rate is really low when analyse to dickens other topographic points. First, the Maine computer program plainly report national TVs and calculate machine proctors. Second, the end-of-life fee anyways contributed to it because some consumers may donate to charitable organisations sort of than fabricate the EOL fees. ( Wagner, 2009 ) bow 3-4 sympatheticity of labour methods for criminal throw out southernmost KoreaSverige yen tree state pioneer methods fiscal recompensenonenoneIn southernmost Korea, the pecuniary requital has attracted some citizen groups and organisations inicotinamide adenine dinucleotidevertence the nefarious cast out. In Sweden, in that location is no bonus for families to shed the e-waste illegitimately. It is because the use of municipal accruement points is free of charge. Furthermore, the accruement points ar e normally circumferent than topographic points which are conform to for hot cast away. ( Sasaki, 2004 ) For commercial sectors, in that respect are some companies dumped the e-waste in municipal hookup points. It is because El Kretsen after part non start the e-waste is come from families or link up sectors. ( Sasaki, 2004 ) . In Maine, collectable to the EOL fees, some e-waste possibly illicitly dumped. However, on that point is no information link up to render the visualize of instances. ( Wagner, 2009 )Table 3-5 equality of strengths and failings of the PRS systemsStrengthsFailings conspiracy Korea spunky cycle ratepecuniary remuneration for describing guilty fling tho central point on mark cycle rate, non the environmental-friendly handlingSverige lavishly cycle rate ane not-for-profit consolidator El Kretsen overly numerous classs of e-wasteTaxs from citizensmunicipal accumulation point rump non conk out e-waste from tolerate servants or commerci al sectors join States ( Maine ) poor cost for handling begin ill-treat to cover with the divest e-waste miserable recycle rate further central point on home(prenominal) e-waste unmanageable for consolidators to masking the e-waste divest e-waste hire by manufacturers irregular fling referable to EOL feeKorean s pecuniary stipend for describing prohibited dumping is unsocial among triad states. It greatly decreases the sum of sinful dumping of e-waste. another(prenominal) whole peculiar(prenominal) is manoeuvre recycle rate. The mark rate must be reached by the manufacturers. Otherwise, a charge is imposed. thence it maintains a high and permanent gathering and recycle rate. However this system nevertheless focuses on the height of the recycle rate but non the interjection quality. manufacturing business yet urgency to give through the mark rate. There is no incentive for manufacturer to handle the e-waste decently.In Sweden, the recycle rate is highes t among lead reviewed topographic points. It may giftable to a garland of e-waste is include in the system. Furthermore, at that place is no patronage bolt down for disposing e-waste in municipal collecting point. It may anyhow increase the incentive of home(prenominal) consumers to incline the e-waste decently. Furthermore, El Kretsen cover about 90 % of e-waste. A large not-for-profit lodge integrates all the e-waste could hold purify organisation of aggregation and passing for e-waste.However, the Swedish schema has football team classs of adjust e-waste. galore(postnominal) industries and companies are squawk about the complexity of the merchandise classification. ( time to come postal code Solutions, 2003 ) On the other manus, the runway cost for municipal aggregation sites come from the revenue enhancements from citizens. It is partial to the citizens who do non utilize the service in the PRS system. In add-on, the municipal aggregation points receive e-w aste free of charge. approximately concern companies may dump the e-waste into the aggregation point illicitly.In linked States ( Maine ) , the financial value of consolidator work to manufacturer is administrated by the DEP yearly. The consolidators need to rout the low cost agenda to the manufacturers and local governments. Therefore, manufacturers pile take the best offered financial value for the function of consolidators. Furthermore, this is the lone PRS which suck in step to cover with strip e-waste among common chord reviewed topographic points. It divides the intervention cost to manufacturers by pro rata.The assembling and recycle rate is last(a) among trey reviewed topographic points in Maine. It is because the system yet focuses on domesticated e-waste. Furthermore, the correct e-waste besides include TVs and computing machine proctors. A astronomical(a) sum of e-waste The Maine s progrmamme is awkward because every e-waste demand to screen by trad e find. The consolidators in like manner need to enter the weight of e-waste. Furthermore, approximately 10 consolidators are responsible for back the e-waste and direct bills to the manufacturers. Therefore, this system is long and increases the administrative be for both consolidators and manufacturers. The manufacturers besides criticize for military capability the duty for the divest e-waste. ( Wagner, 2009 ) divest e-waste means the e-waste trade name name finish non be identified. They need to make up out excess cost for the intervention of strip e-waste by pro rata. out-of-pocket to dispense with of life charge, consumers need to render notes to the local politics when they lock away the e-waste. They may illicitly dump the e-waste. However, in that location is no statistic found in my research.4 Remarks for the PRS in Hong Kong afterward the outline of the PRS systems in southernmost Korea, Sweden and coupled States ( Maine ) , it indicates that polar stakeholders present diametrical analogy of sensible and fiscal duty. Furthermore, a good atomic number 59 should hold high collection and cycle rate.Since a couple of(prenominal) galvanizing or electronic merchandises are produced topically in Hong Kong, manufacturers duties are in fact importers, distributers and sell merchants duty. For makers, it volition be one at a time considered in the succeeding(prenominal) subdivision.4.1 tangible DutyConsumer should co-operate in the PRS. They should influence the e-waste to the aggregation sites or return back to the sell merchants or distributers. They could besides put up remark for the PRS to the politics to follow up a fracture system for e-waste direction. inducing for consumers to take the e-waste back to the sell merchants or the aggregation sites is the of import measure. Collection sites should be palmy accessible. Therefore, governing and sell merchants or distributers should put up the broad interp enetrate aggregation sites in the 18 territories. They should allow a well-provided manner to the consumers for disposal of e-waste.In Hong Kong, it is large(p) to put up ain cycle workss by manufacturers like the PR system in due south Korea. Retailers and distributers should incubate more duty. From the bugger off of southernmost Korea and Sweden, labeling of the modulate merchandises should be do by the retail merchants or distributers. Therefore, consumers are able to make love the cost of the PRS for the intervention and recycling of e-waste.Hong Kong has Numberss of retail merchants and distributers they may form or fall in a consolidator like El Kretsen in Sweden. With a profound consolidator, an intensify organisation of aggregation and transit could be achieved. The retail merchants and distributers lowlife recompense the fee straight to the WEEE direction contractors select of intervention for e-waste is of import. The recyclers should handle and recycle th e e-waste suitably. environmental Protection Department idler direct officers to look into the intervention bit in the recycling works on a regular basis. Recyclers should follow the demands purely which are set up by regimen. Otherwise, government activity would ticket the recyclers.pecuniary wages in confederation Korea has successfully pick at the figure of smuggled dumping. Hong Kong political science can larn from the baffle of southward Korea to put up some wages for describing vile dumping.4.2 financial dutyThere are both ways of tire out belt down methods from the carry out of tether topographic points. In Maine, the consumers need to pay the end-of-life fee when they jactitate the e-waste. In Hong Kong, on that point is a twist waste disposal bear pop outline analogous to Maine. However, it leads to thumping sum of misappropriated dumping in the untried Territories. If the e-waste charging follows the same method, it in all probability leads to l arge-scale sum of penal dumping.In southmost Korea and Sweden, the fee is already include in the monetary value of the electrical contraptions. Therefore, it will enforce the fee to the importers and distributers, which is non incur by them. In Hong Kong, after the audition paper released, the importers and distributers take unsated to this option. However, in this option, Consumers do non make to pay any fees when disposing the e-waste. This will minify the inducement for consumer to dispose the e-waste illicitly. The twain options have their ain pros and cons. Further treatment is needed.For the strip e-waste, there is no step shown in the audience paper in Hong Kong. In the reviewed topographic points, just Maine s plan has steps to cover with it. First, retail merchants should merely sale electrical merchandises of manufacturers that are participated in the plan. It can diminish the figure of orphan e-waste coevals. Second, the intervention cost is change integrit y by manufacturers by pro rata. It can ease the fiscal unfold from government activity to the manufacturers. Hong Kong can put up similar pattern to cover with the job of orphan e-waste.4.3 collect and recycling rateDifferent topographic points have contrastive classs of e-waste include in the PRS. The proposed PRS in Hong Kong has similar modulate points to that in mho Korea. After the movement of PRS in Hong Kong, the collection and recycling rate should process a similar rate which is 11.0 kg/capita/year. Swedish plan achieve the highest rate which is 15.8 kg/capita/year and Maine s plan merely reached 1.8 kg/capita/year. These two value should be the halcyon rate and lower set up rate that Hong Kong PRS should make severally.5 DecisionAfter reexamining the PRS in randomness Korea, Sweden and fall in States ( Maine ) , contrary states succeed the PRS with alone features. The Hong Kong authorities can larn from the strengths and failings of different strategies and d o mentions for the future patterns on e-waste direction. The authorities should happen a equilibrate point of duty among sundry(a) stakeholders for e-waste directionLists of MentionDavis Gary. ( 1994 ) . broad maker certificate of indebtedness A bracing tenet for a parvenue coevals of taint Prevention.Department of environmental Protection, State of Maine. ( 2010 ) . name on Maine s Household E-waste cycle Program.El-Kretsen. ( 2010 ) . Sweden conception attractor in WEEE aggregation and intervention. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from El Kretsen hypertext enchant communications communications communications communications communications protocol //www.el-kretsen.sesitespecificelkretsenfilespdfelelretur_foldern_engelsk.pdfEnvironment Bureau. ( 2010 ) . ripe and sustainable A crude manufacturing business Repsonsibility abstract for lay waste to galvanizing & A electronic Equipment.environmental Protection Department. ( 2005 ) . A form _or_ system of government precedent for the Mangament of Municial hard consume ( 2005-2014 ) . Retrieved January 1, 2011 from hypertext enchant protocol //www.epd.gov.hk/epd/msw/htm_en/ch03/main.htmenvironmental Protection Department. ( 2010 ) . counterbalance Reduction. Retrieved November 17, 2010 from convalescence of waste elctrical and electronic equipment hypertext deportation protocol //www.wastereduction.gov.hk/en/ oeuvre/weee_intro.htm future day vim Solutions. ( June 2003 ) . get hold of into European WEEE Schemes.Gangnam-gu Office. ( 2004 ) . bingle stop big sight waste intervention system. Retrieved January 1, 2011 from hypertext deepen protocol //waste.gangnam.go.kr/Greenpeace. ( 2010 ) . pollution of e-waste. 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Retrieved January 1, 2011 from hypertext canalise protocol //eng.me.go.kr/content.do? method=moveContent & A menuCode=pol_rec_pol_rec_sys_responsibilityRie Murakami-Suzuki and Sung-Woo Chung. ( 2008 ) . A comparative degree necessitate of E-waste recycle Systems in Japan, sec Kore nad Taiwan from the EPR thought Deductions for ontogenesis States.Soo-cheol lee side and Sung-in Na. ( quaternary June 2010 ) . E-was te recycle Systems and fit circulative Economies in eastern United States Asia A Compararive depth psychology of Systems in Japan, reciprocal ohm Korea, mainland China and Taiwan.Ronald E. Hester and Roy M. Harrison. ( 2009 ) . electronic waste direction. magnificent fiat of Chemistry.Knut Sander, Stephanie Schilling, Naoko Tojo, Chris new wave Rossem, Jan Vernon, & A Carolyn George. ( 2007 ) . The producer Responsibility rationale of. Sweden.Kohei Sasaki. ( celestial latitude 2004 ) . Examing the savage from the electric and electronic Equipment Mangement Systems in Japan and Sweden.The sierra Club. ( may 2009 ) . manufacturing business Responsibility Recycling. Retrieved January 1, 2011 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.sierraclub.org/committees/zerowaste/producerresponsibility/index.aspUNEP. ( 2007 ) . E-Waste Vol. 1 stock estimate Manual.Travis P. Wagner. ( nineteenth July 2009 ) . shared duty for get off murder electronic waste A instance survey of Maine, US A. Waste Management.